Color filter substrate comprising spacers, black matrix, and protrusions made of the same material and method of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

A color filter substrate including a substrate, a plurality of color filter patterns, a black matrix, a plurality of spacers, a plurality of protrusions, and a common electrode is provided. The color filter patterns are disposed on the substrate. The black matrix is disposed on the substrate and between the color filter patterns. The spacers are disposed on the black matrix and connected to the black matrix. The protrusions are disposed on the color filter patterns. The black matrix, the spacers, and the protrusions are made of the same material. The common electrode covers the color filter patterns, the black matrix, the protrusions, and the spacers. As mentioned above, a color filter substrate manufactured with low cost is provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the priority benefit of Taiwan applicationserial no. 95111750, filed on Apr. 3, 2006. All disclosure of the Taiwanapplication is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a filter device and a method ofmanufacturing the same. More particularly, the present invention relatesto a color filter substrate and a method of manufacturing the same.

2. Description of Related Art

In response to the increasing demand of displays, the industry putefforts on the development of the relevant displays. Among displays,cathode ray tubes (CRT), due to the high display quality and maturetechnology, have occupied the display market for years. However, therise of “environmental protection” awareness is against thedisadvantages of high power consumption and high radiation, and thelimited flattening capability is against the market demands of lighter,thinner, shorter, smaller, compact, and power-saving displays.Therefore, thin film transistor liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD),having superior properties such as high image quality, good spaceutilization, low power consumption and no radiation, have becomemainstream display products of the market, in which the color filtersubstrate is one of the important means of the LCD.

FIGS. 1A to 1G are conventional flow charts of manufacturing a colorfilter substrate. Referring to FIG. 1A, first a black matrix 12 isformed on a substrate 11 by using a first mask (not shown). Next, asshown in FIGS. 1B to 1D, a plurality of red filter patterns 13 a, aplurality of green filter patterns 13 b, and a plurality of blue filterpatterns 13 c are formed over the substrate 11 by sequentially using asecond mask (not shown), a third mask (not shown), and a fourth mask(not shown), wherein the red filter patterns 13 a, the green filterpatterns 13 b, and the blue filter patterns 13 c form a color filterlayer 13. Then, as shown in FIG. 1E, an overcoat layer 14 is formed onthe black matrix 12 and the color filter layer 13, and then a commonelectrode 15 is formed on the overcoat layer 14. After that, as shown inFIG. 1F, a plurality of protrusions 16 is formed on the common electrode15 above the color filter layer 13 by using a fifth mask (not shown).Then, as shown in FIG. 1G, a plurality of spacers 17 are formed on thecommon electrode 15 above the black matrix 12 by using a sixth mask (notshown). Then, as shown in FIG. 1H, an alignment film 18 is formed on thecommon electrode 15, the protrusions 16, and the spacers 17. Aftercompleting the above processes, a color filter substrate 10 is thenmanufactured.

It should be noted that the conventional method of manufacturing thecolor filter substrate 10 adopts a six-mask process. In order to reducethe time and cost for manufacturing the color filter substrate 10, theprocess must be changed, and a manufacturing method using fewer masks isadopted. That is, the conventional method of manufacturing the colorfilter substrate 10 can be significantly improved, thus reducing themanufacturing time and cost of the color filter substrate 10.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An objective of the present invention is to provide a color filtersubstrate manufactured with low cost.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a color filtersubstrate manufactured with fewer steps.

Still another objective of the present invention is to provide a methodof manufacturing the color filter substrate, in which the color filtersubstrate is manufactured with low cost.

Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide a method ofmanufacturing the color filter substrate, in which the color filtersubstrate is manufactured with fewer process steps.

In order to achieve the above or other objectives, the present inventionprovides a color filter substrate, which comprises a substrate, aplurality of color filter patterns, a black matrix, a plurality ofspacers, a plurality of protrusions, and a common electrode. The colorfilter patterns are disposed on the substrate. The black matrix isdisposed on the substrate and between the color filter patterns. Thespacers are disposed on the black matrix and connected to the blackmatrix. The protrusions are disposed on the color filter patterns. Theblack matrix, the spacers, and the protrusions are made of the samematerial. The common electrode covers the color filter patterns, theblack matrix, the protrusions, and the spacers.

According to the color filter substrate described in an embodiment ofthe present invention, the substrate has a plurality of sub-pixelregions, and each of the color filter patterns is disposed in one of thesub-pixel regions.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the color filtersubstrate further comprises an alignment film disposed on the commonelectrode.

According an embodiment of the present invention, the color filterpatterns comprise at least one red filter pattern, at least one greenfilter pattern,. and at least one blue filter pattern.

The present invention further provides a color filter substrate, whichcomprises a substrate having a plurality of sub-pixel regions, aplurality of color filter patterns, a common electrode, a black matrix,a plurality of spacers, and a plurality of protrusions. The color filterpatterns are disposed on the substrate, and each color filter isdisposed within one of the sub-pixel regions. The common electrodecovers the color filter patterns and the substrate. The black matrix isdisposed on the common electrode and positioned between the sub-pixelregions. The spacers are disposed on the black matrix and connected tothe black matrix. The protrusions are disposed on the common electrodeabove the color filter patterns. The black matrix, the spacers, and theprotrusions are made of the same material.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the color filtersubstrate further comprises an alignment film. The alignment film coversthe common electrode, the black matrix, the protrusions, and thespacers.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the color filterpatterns comprise at least one red filter pattern, at least one greenfilter pattern, and at least one blue filter pattern.

The present invention further provides a method of manufacturing thecolor filter substrate, which comprises first providing a substrate.Next, a plurality of color filter patterns is formed on the substrate.Then, a shielding material layer is formed on the substrate to cover thesubstrate and the color filter patterns. After that, the shieldingmaterial layer is patterned to simultaneously form a black matrix, aplurality of protrusions, and a plurality of spacers. A common electrodeis formed on the substrate to cover the color filter patterns, the blackmatrix, the protrusions, and the spacers.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the step ofpatterning the shielding material layer comprises first disposing a maskon the shielding material layer, wherein the mask has a transmissiveregion, a non-transmissive region, and a partially transmissive region.Then, an exposure process and a development process are performed topattern the shielding material layer, thus forming the black matrix, theprotrusions, and the spacers.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the step of formingthe color filter patterns comprises first forming a red filter materialon the substrate. The red filter material is patterned to form at leastone red filter pattern on the substrate. Then, a green filter materialis formed on the substrate. The green filter material is patterned toform at least one green filter pattern on the substrate. And then, ablue filter material is formed on the substrate. The blue filtermaterial is patterned to form at least one blue filter pattern on thesubstrate.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the black matrix isformed between the color filter patterns, the spacers are formed on theblack matrix, and the protrusions are formed on the color filterpatterns.

The present invention further provides a method of manufacturing thecolor filter substrate, which comprises first providing a substratehaving a plurality of sub-pixel regions. A plurality of color filterpatterns are formed on the substrate, and each color filter pattern isformed within one of the sub-pixel regions. Next, a common electrode isformed over the substrate to cover the color filter pattern. A shieldingmaterial layer is formed on the common electrode. Then, the shieldingmaterial layer is patterned to simultaneously form a black matrix, aplurality of protrusions, and a plurality of spacers.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the step ofpatterning the shielding material layer comprises first disposing a maskon the shielding material layer, wherein the mask has a transmissiveregion, a non-transmissive region, and a partially transmissive region.An exposure process and a development process are performed to patternthe shielding material layer, thus forming the black matrix, theprotrusions, and the spacers.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the step of formingthe color filter patterns comprises first forming a red filter materialon the substrate. The red filter material is patterned to form at leastone red filter pattern on the substrate. Then, a green filter materialis formed on the substrate. The green filter material is patterned toform at least one green filter pattern on the substrate. And then, ablue filter material is formed on the substrate. The blue filtermaterial is patterned to form at least one blue filter pattern on thesubstrate.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the black matrix isformed on the common electrode between the sub-pixel regions, thespacers are formed on the black matrix, and the protrusions are formedon the common electrode above the color filter patterns.

In view of the above, the method of manufacturing the color filtersubstrate provided by the present invention adopts a process with fewermasks, and thus the color filter substrate can be manufactured in ashorter time period and with low material consumption. According to theabove manufacturing method, the color filter substrate is manufacturedwith low manufacturing cost.

In order to the make aforementioned and other objectives, features andadvantages of the present invention comprehensible, preferredembodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments of theinvention and, together with the description, serve to explain theprinciples of the invention.

FIGS. 1A to 1H are schematic views illustrating a conventional processof manufacturing a color filter substrate.

FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a color filter substrateaccording to a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 3A to 3L are schematic views illustrating a method ofmanufacturing the color filter substrate according to the firstembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of the color filter substrateaccording to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5A to 5D are schematic views illustrating a method ofmanufacturing the color filter substrate according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS The First Embodiment

FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of the color filter substrateaccording to the first embodiment of the present invention. Referring toFIG. 2, a color filter substrate 100 comprising a substrate 110, aplurality of color filter patterns 120, a black matrix 130, a pluralityof spacers 140, a plurality of protrusions 150, and a common electrode160 is provided. The color filter patterns 120 are disposed on thesubstrate 110. The black matrix 130 is disposed on the substrate 110 andbetween the color filter patterns 120. The spacers 140 are disposed onthe black matrix 130 and connected to the black matrix 130. Theprotrusions 150 are disposed on the color filter patterns 120. The blackmatrix 130, the spacers 140, and the protrusions 150 are made of thesame material. The common electrode 160 covers the color filter patterns120, the black matrix 130, the protrusions 150, and the spacers 140.

In the embodiment, the substrate 110 has a plurality of sub-pixelregions 110 a, and each of the color filter patterns 120 is disposed inone of the sub-pixel regions 110 a. Specifically, the color filterpatterns 120 comprise at least one red filter pattern 120 a, at leastone green filter pattern 120 b, and at least one blue filter pattern 120c. Moreover, the color filter substrate 100 further comprises analignment film 170 disposed on the common electrode 160.

As described above, the substrate 110 is, for example, a glasssubstrate, a quartz substrate, or a substrate of suitable materials. Thematerial of the color filter patterns 120 (the red filter pattern 120 a,the green filter pattern 120 b, and the blue filter pattern 120 c) is,for example, resin or another suitable material. The black matrix 130,the spacers 140, and the protrusions 150 are made of, for example, blackphotosensitive resin or another suitable material. The material of thecommon electrode 160 is, for example, indium tin oxide (ITO), indiumzinc oxide (IZO), or any other suitable material. The material of thealignment film 170 is, for example, polyimide resin (PI) or anothersuitable material. The method of manufacturing the color filtersubstrate 100 will be described in detail below.

FIGS. 3A to 3J are schematic views illustrating a method ofmanufacturing the color filter substrate according to the firstembodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 3A, a substrate110 is provided.

Next, color filter patterns 120 are formed on the substrate 110 to formthe structure as shown in FIG. 3G. The substrate 110 has a plurality ofsub-pixel regions 110 a thereon, and each of the color filter patterns120 in the sub-pixel regions 110 a comprises the red filter pattern 120a, the green filter pattern 120 b, and the blue filter pattern 120 c.The process of forming the color filter patterns 120 is described indetail with reference to FIGS. 3B to 3G.

First, as shown in FIG. 3B, a red filter material 120 d is formed overthe substrate 110. The method of forming the red filter material 120 dis, for example, spin-coating or any other suitable method.

Next, a first mask M1 is used to pattern the red filter material layer120 d, thus forming a red filter pattern 120 a in a part of thesub-pixel regions 110 a on the substrate 110, as shown in FIG. 3C. Ifthe red filter pattern 120 a is a photosensitive material, the method ofpatterning the red filter material 120 d includes, for example,performing an exposure process and a development process directly on thered filter material layer 120 d by using a first mask M1. If the redfilter pattern 120 a is not a photosensitive material, a photoresistlayer (not shown) must be first formed on the red filter material layer120 d, and the exposure process and the development process areperformed on the photoresist layer by using a first mask M1 to form apatterned photoresist layer (not shown). Next, an etching process isperformed on the red filter material layer 120 d using the patternedphotoresist layer as a mask, and then a stripping process is performedon the patterned photoresist layer. Thus, the red filter pattern 120 ais formed.

Next, as shown in FIG. 3D, a green filter material layer 120 e is formedover the substrate 110. A second mask M2 is used to pattern the greenfilter material layer 120 e to form at least one green filter pattern120 b as shown in FIG. 3E on the substrate 110. Since the method offorming and patterning the green filter material layer 120 e is similarto that of the red filter material layer 120 d described above, andtherefore it will not be repeated again.

As shown in FIG. 3F, a blue filter material layer 120 f is formed overthe substrate 110. A third mask M3 is used to pattern the blue filtermaterial layer 120 f to form at least one blue filter pattern 120 c asshown in FIG. 3G on the substrate 110. Similarly, the method of formingand patterning the blue filter material layer 120 f is the same as orsimilar to the above.

Next, referring to FIG. 3H, a shielding material layer 130 a is formedover the substrate 110 to cover the substrate 110 and the color filterpatterns 120. The method of forming the shielding material layer 130 ais, for example, spin-coating or any other suitable method. It should benoted that the shielding material layer 130 a is a photosensitivematerial.

Next, referring to FIGS. 3I to 3J, the shielding material layer 130 a ispatterned to form a black matrix 130, a plurality of spacers 140, and aplurality of protrusions 150 simultaneously. As shown in FIG. 3I, themethod of patterning the shielding material layer 130 a includesdisposing a mask M4 on the shielding material layer 130 a. The mask M4has a first region R1, a second region R2, a third region R3, and afourth region R4. The third region R3 is a non-transmissive region; thesecond region R2 and the fourth region R4 are partially transmissiveregions; and the first region R1 is a combination of the transmissiveregion and the partially transmissive region. Next, as shown in FIG. 3J,an exposure process and a development process are performed to patternthe shielding material layer 130 a to form the black matrix 130, thespacers 140, and the protrusions 150.

It should be noted that since the transmitted light intensity throughthe first region R1, the second region R2, the third region R3, and thefourth region R4 are all different form one another, the resultingphotosensitive depths of the regions of the shielding material layer 130a are different. After the development process is performed, theremaining part of the shielding material layer (not shown) forms theblack matrix 130, the spacers 140, and the protrusions 150.

Referring to FIG. 3K, a common electrode 160 is formed on the substrate110 to cover the color filter patterns 120, the black matrix 130, thespacers 140, and the protrusions 150. The method of forming the commonelectrode 160 is, for example, sputtering or any other suitable method.

Referring to FIG. 3L, an alignment film 170 is formed on the commonelectrode 160. The method of forming the alignment film 170 is, forexample, offset printing or any other suitable method. Thus, thefabrication of the color filter substrate 100 is completed.

It should be noted that in the method of manufacturing the color filtersubstrate 100 according to the embodiment of the present invention, theblack matrix, the spacers, and the protrusions are formed by using onemask. Compared with conventional techniques in which the black matrix,the spacers, and the protrusions are formed by using three masks, andtherefore the method of manufacturing the color filter substrate 100according to the embodiment present invention can be accomplished in ashorter time period and with low material consumption. In other words,the color filter substrate 100 can be manufactured with fewer steps andlow manufacturing cost.

It should be noted that the color filter substrate 100 of the embodimentcomprises an alignment film 170, however the step of forming analignment film may be optional.

The Second Embodiment

FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of the color filter substrateaccording to a second embodiment of the present invention. Referring toFIG. 4, a color filter substrate 200 is similar to the color filtersubstrate 100 in the first embodiment described, except for a commonelectrode 210 covering the color filter patterns 120 and the substrate110. Moreover, a black matrix 230 is disposed on the common electrode210 and between the color filter patterns 120. The protrusions 150 aredisposed on the common electrode 210 above the color filter patterns120. The material of the black matrix 230 and the common electrode 210is the same as that of the black matrix 130 and the common electrode 160in the first embodiment.

The method of manufacturing the color filter substrate 200 is similar tothe method of manufacturing the color filter substrate 100 describedabove. FIGS. 5A to 5D are schematic views illustrating the method ofmanufacturing the color filter substrate 200 according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 5A, a substrate 110 is provided. The substrate 110 hasa plurality of sub-pixel regions 110 a formed thereon. Next, the redfilter pattern 120 a, the green filter pattern 120 b, and the bluefilter pattern 120 c are formed in the sub-pixel regions 110 a on thesubstrate 110 through the aforementioned method, thus forming the colorfilter patterns 120. Since the method of forming the color filterpatterns 120 in the sub-pixel regions 110 a on the substrate 110 is thesame as that described in the first embodiment, and will not be repeatedagain.

Referring to FIG. 5B, a common electrode 210 is formed over thesubstrate 110 to cover the color filter patterns 120. The method offorming the common electrode 210 includes, for example, sputtering oranother suitable method. Then, a shielding material layer 230 a isformed over the substrate 110 to cover the common electrode 210. Themethod of forming the shielding material layer 230 a is, for example,spin-coating or any other suitable method. The shielding material layer230 a is a photosensitive material.

Referring to FIG. 5C, the shielding material layer 230 a is patterned byusing the mask M4 to simultaneously form a black matrix 230, a pluralityof spacers 140, and a plurality of protrusions 150. The method ofpatterning the shielding material layer 230 a is the same as the methoddescribed in the first embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 5D, an alignment film 170 is formed on the commonelectrode 210, the black matrix 130, the spacers 140, and theprotrusions 150. The method of forming the alignment film 170 is thesame as the method described in the first embodiment. After completingthe above steps, the fabrication of the color filter substrate 200 iscompleted.

Similar to the first embodiment, the black matrix, the spacers, and theprotrusions in the method of manufacturing the color filter substrate200 in the embodiment are formed by using only one mask. Therefore, themethod of manufacturing the color filter substrate 200 according to thepresent invention can be used to manufacture the color filter substrate200 in a shorter time period and with low material consumption. In otherwords, the color filter substrate 200 is manufactured with fewer stepsand low cost.

It should be noted that the color filter substrate 200 in the embodimentcomprises an alignment film 170, but will not limited to this.

To sum up, the method of manufacturing the color filter substrateprovided by the present invention employs a fewer masks. Therefore, thecolor filter substrate can be manufactured in a shorter time period andwith low material consumption so that the manufacturing time and cost ofthe color filter substrate can be significantly reduced.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made to the structure of the presentinvention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the present inventioncover modifications and variations of this invention provided they fallwithin the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.

1. A color filter substrate, comprising: a substrate, wherein thesubstrate has a plurality of sub-pixel regions; a plurality of colorfilter patterns disposed on the substrate, wherein each of the colorfilter patterns is disposed in one of the sub-pixel regions; a blackmatrix disposed on the substrate and between the color filter patterns;a plurality of spacers disposed on the black matrix and connected to theblack matrix; a plurality of protrusions disposed on the color filterpatterns inside the sub-pixel regions and separated from the blackmatrix and the plurality of spacers, wherein the black matrix, thespacers, and the protrusions are made of the same material; and a commonelectrode covering the color filter patterns, the black matrix, theprotrusions, and the spacers.
 2. The color filter substrate as claimedin claim 1, further comprising an alignment film disposed on the commonelectrode.
 3. The color filter substrate as claimed in claim 1, whereineach of the color filter patterns comprises at least one red filterpattern, at least one green filter pattern, and at least one blue filterpattern.
 4. A method of manufacturing a color filter substrate,comprising: providing a substrate; forming a plurality of color filterpatterns on the substrate; forming a shielding material layer on thesubstrate to cover the substrate and the color filter patterns;patterning the shielding material layer to simultaneously form a blackmatrix, a plurality of protrusions, and a plurality of spacers, whereinthe plurality of protrusions is separated from the black matrix and theplurality of spacers; and forming a common electrode on the substrate tocover the color filter patterns, the black matrix, the protrusions, andthe spacers.
 5. The method of manufacturing the color filter substrateas claimed in claim 4, wherein the method of patterning the shieldingmaterial layer comprises: disposing a mask on the shielding materiallayer, wherein the mask has a transmissive region, a non-transmissiveregion, and a partially transmissive region; and performing an exposureprocess and a development process to pattern the shielding materiallayer to form the black matrix, the protrusions, and the spacers.
 6. Themethod of manufacturing the color filter substrate as claimed in claim4, wherein the method of forming the color filter patterns comprises:forming a red filter material on the substrate; patterning the redfilter material to form at least one red filter pattern on thesubstrate; forming a green filter material on the substrate; patterningthe green filter material to form at Least one green filter pattern onthe substrate; forming a blue filter material on the substrate; andpatterning the blue filter material to form at least one blue filterpattern on the substrate.
 7. The method of manufacturing the colorfilter substrate as claimed in claim 4, wherein the black matrix isformed between the color filter patterns, the spacers are formed on theblack matrix, and the protrusions are formed on the color filterpatterns.
 8. The color filter substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein astep height of the plurality of spacers is greater than a step height ofthe plurality of protrusions.
 9. The method of manufacturing the colorfilter substrate as claimed in claim 4, wherein the plurality of spacersis formed on the black matrix and connected to the black matrix, and astep height of the plurality of spacers is greater than a step height ofthe plurality of protrusions.
 10. The color filter substrate as claimedin claim 1, wherein compositions of the black matrix, compositions ofthe spacers, and compositions of the protrusions are the same.
 11. Thecolor filter substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the spacers andthe black matrix are integrally formed, and each of the spacers and theblack matrix constitute a T-shaped structure.
 12. A method ofmanufacturing a color filter substrate, comprising: providing asubstrate, wherein the substrate has a plurality of sub-pixel regions;forming a plurality of color filter patterns on the substrate, whereineach of the color filter patterns is formed in one of the sub-pixelregions; forming a shielding material layer on the substrate to coverthe substrate and the color filter patterns; patterning the shieldingmaterial layer to simultaneously form a black matrix, a plurality ofprotrusions, and a plurality of spacers, wherein the plurality ofprotrusions is formed on the color filter patterns inside the sub-pixelregions and separated from the black matrix and the plurality ofspacers, the plurality of spacers is connected to the black matrix, andeach of the spacers and the black matrix constitute a T-shapedstructure; and forming a common electrode on the substrate to cover thecolor filter patterns, the black matrix, the protrusions, and thespacers.
 13. A color filter substrate, comprising: a substrate, whereinthe substrate has a plurality of sub-pixel regions; a plurality of colorfilter patterns disposed on the substrate, wherein each of the colorfilter patterns is disposed in one of the sub-pixel regions; a commonelectrode covering the color filter patterns; a black matrix disposed onthe common electrode and between the color filter patterns; a pluralityof spacers disposed on the black matrix and connected to the blackmatrix, wherein the plurality of spacers and the black matrix areintegrally formed; a plurality of protrusions disposed on the commonelectrode above the color filter patterns inside the sub-pixel regionsand separated from the black matrix and the plurality of spacers,wherein compositions of the black matrix, the spacers, and theprotrusions are the same.
 14. A method of manufacturing a color filtersubstrate, comprising: providing a substrate; forming a plurality ofcolor filter patterns on the substrate; forming a common electrode onthe substrate to cover the color filter patterns; forming a shieldingmaterial layer on the substrate to cover the color filter patterns andthe common electrode; and patterning the shielding material layer tosimultaneously form a black matrix, a plurality of protrusions, and aplurality of spacers, wherein the plurality of protrusions is formedinside the sub-pixel regions and, separated from the black matrix andthe plurality of spacers, and the spacers are connected to the blackmatrix.